10 Fun Facts About UCLA

​Every year, thousands of students arrive on campus to become the newest class of Bruins. UCLA is known for plenty, but did you know these fun facts? We put together the best facts about the University of California, Los Angeles.UCLA was founded in 1919 as the Southern branch of the University of California (Berkeley). It’s the only leading research institution in the world founded in the 20th century. UCLA regularly receives the largest number of undergraduate applications per year. Last year, for the first time in UCLA history, freshman applications surpassed six figures with more than 102,000 students applying for Fall 2017 enrollment. Admitted incoming freshmen have an average GPA of 4.39 with SAT scores between 1940 and 2240. The school’s baby blue color was actually chosen by football coach Red Sanders in 1949 because he figured the uniforms would show up better on the field and in film. UCLA holds the record for the most NCAA titles with 111 NCAA titles (and 130 team titles). Legendary basketball coach John Wooden led UCLA to 7 straight NCAA titles which is remarkable, since no other coach has ever won more than 2 NCAA titles in a row. Royce Hall is asymmetric with many architectural inconsistencies such as the number of windows on each side and the type of brick patterns used. The UCLA campus is often used in movies and tv shows to replicate other colleges like Princeton, Harvard, and Yale. Some examples of movies and tv shows include Jobs, Old School, Legally Blonde, Californication, House M.D., and Buffy the Vampire Slayer. The Midnight Yell is a finals week tradition that takes place every night of the week at midnight for students to take a break from studying. These scream sessions are known to last for a few minutes. One of the very first Undie Runs on college campuses took place in 2001 at UCLA. During orientation, freshmen are commonly initiated by being told to touch the water in the Inverted Fountain but it’s said that if they do it again before graduating, they’ll have an extra quarter tacked on to their academic careers. This is why many students step back into the fountain immediately after graduating.

Drugs and their consequence.

Drugs and their consequence. Nowadays drugs are one of the leading causes of death among humanism, especially teenagers. Drug is any substance otherthan food, intended for use in diagnosis in human or other animals. According to this definition, drugs can be used aslong as purposes mentioned in the above definition are fulfilled. Unfortunately, today drugs are abused. Some people often take these drugs as well as to 'relief' pain, anxiety, frustration, boredom, anger, giddiness, and so forth. Other people take drugs to experience the 'rush' or 'high' that will result as the drug hits their brain and nervous system. Although drugs were used as early as 4000 B.C, opium addiction first became a major social problem in the 19th century in China.Chinese emigrants to the United States, who were employed to build the transcontinental railroad, brought the pium-smokinghabit to the West Coast. Along with cocaine, morphine and other opiates were used freely in patent medicines and doctors' prescriptions, and many people b ecame addicted without realizing it.Illegal Drug Addiction and Substance AbuseThe indiscriminate use of morphine in treating wounded soldiers also produced many addicts. Addiction, which began among urban ghetto minorities, spread in the 1960s and 70s to white middle class youth and to American veterans of the Vietnam War. Drugs are most often grown among other plants, fields, and in basements so that others cannot see them.Drug is what a man needs, to get going when he becomes drug dependent. Even though people know that drug is harmful to the body, they cannot give up, however much they are advised against their use. Drugs such as Heroine, Marijuana, Morphine, Opium, and Cocaine are famous killers. Once people become used to it, they are unable to control themselves. To them they are as necessary as food and sleep. People who take this, as...

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT Assignment

INTRODUCTION TO MARKETING AND ADVERTISING COURSEWORK ASSESSMENT - Assignment Example Television advertisements have a wide scope of coverage. A new brand of coffee should be able to create a strong original appeal to potential buyers and have competitive features to other beverages. The target market does not have conspicuous boundaries. As a result, it is difficult to predict such as market. Television advertising can reach many people at a time. With the use of the media, marketers can incorporate the advertisements at usual times when consumers use the class of beverages (Blick, 2011). Otherwise, television advertisements are very expensive and should only be used when there are high projections of revenue. A new recipe for cereals is mostly applicable to chefs and households. Television media is the best place for marketing the product. It would appeal to the youth and young individuals. Advertisements should be mostly placed during programs that appeal to the audience that marketers intend for the product. Television has the advantage that they appeal to many people (Hutt, & Speh, 2013). Otherwise, they are budget intensive. Marketers can also use hospitals to market the recipes because slimming could relate to health issues. The target market can be patients with obesity. Target market can also be clients at gyms. A recipe is a service product. It poses challenges on how to present it to the audience. Intangible products are difficult to deal with because they do not have physical properties that individuals can use to please clients. The most appropriate media for the recipe is one that facilitates demonstrations. In television media, there is an opportunity to offer demonstrations on how to undertake the recipe. The advertisements can be incorporated at strategic times. Lastly, marketers can offer demonstration sessions for chefs and the public to inform them of the new recipe. The market segment for this product is mainly the youth. Minor budget is not intensive and would require specific timing of events. Marketers

Financial Securtiy for College Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Securtiy for College Students - Essay Example Hi-fi lifestyle becomes harder to be abandoned once donned. A survey result is that 40 percent of the students would get a pair of jeans that they really want to have even if they cannot afford it. This is where the credit cards take the stage. This sort of lifestyle does not end with a simple pair of jeans. As for everything that goes, fashion too has many accessories. The need to adopt this lifestyle may be due to various reasons like the sense of belonging to a group, friends etc. What was enough for high school is not so when it comes to college. Financial problems cause distress to mind and the students are not exceptions. This definitely affects their performance. This happens not only for college students, as we all know. This becomes a problem because they are the future employees and it is essential that they are financially competent. For another class of students, the parents would have saved money for college education but there are situations where that is not enough. Henceforth comes the search for student financial aid. This in itself will cause distress if it has been kept as the last resort. Thus, if financial aid is required, the process of searching for one should be started as early as while in high school. Due to all the above stated issues, financial competence for a student becomes important. He/She should be able to strike the balance between being frivolous and being sober, both being the two extremes possible, in the monetary matters. One should be wise enough about choosing and using credit cards, if at all one is needed. The capability of foreseeing the pitfalls is required in a little amount, if not vast. In short, a college student, in matters of finance, should be 'a small adult', wherein comes the problem of striking the balance between being an adolescent and an adult. How can such balances be achieved becomes a question. The answers are many. Student Employment Opportunities are available online as well as through other sources. One can try doing part-time jobs like data-entry and the like. These are no big deal for anyone who has the minimal knowledge of handling computers. If the schedule does not leave the student with enough time and resources to commune to a work place, therein comes the genie of all human beings - Internet jobs. Ample opportunities are available online and as in everything good, there are also some potholes here. In spite of them, there are still genuine opportunities available if only we have the time and patience to look at the right place. There are also some educational institutions that outsource credible student jobs. Students can find them out with the help of faculty. Positions even exist without any financial aid eligibility criteria. The centers are made available both on-campus and off-campus. There are numerous advantages of student employment got through one's educational institution. The money earned may be used to manage the college costs like tuition fees. The paycheck also attributes to a sense of financial security and independence that shows itself in the academic performance. That feeling of guiltiness that one is burdening his/her family goes away and that helps a lot. Students are able to

Fauvism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fauvism - Essay Example In Gauguin’s painting, pure and flat red was used to present the message in full intensity so as to point out the seriousness of the subject matter. Red can also be related to anger or passion (Art Factory, n.d.; Elements of Art). Famous fauvism painters include Henri Matisse, Andre Derain and Raoul Dufy. Henri Matisse (1869-1954) painted The Roofs of Collioure (1905, oil on canvas) and The Open Window, Collioure (1905 oil on canvas). Andre Derain painted the Portrait of Henri Matisse (1906 oil on canvas) and The Turning Road at LEstaque (1906 oil on canvas). On a personal notion, I agree with the view of the artists of fauvism. Colours can depict feeling. It can also affect the feeling of the beholder of the artwork. For example, in a painting about war, red and black is commonly the most prominent. The present era though also commonly practice the notion that colours can bring the emotional element of the painting, thus, depicting the effect of fauvism. It can also be considered impressionist in nature since prioritizing colour can mean that the painting does not follow the realistic colours of the subject e.g. Andre Derain’s Portrait of Henri Matisse (1905). In conclusion, fauvism has great effects in the present view of visual arts regarding colours. It also contributed to the freedom of using colours outside the confines of realism or how subjects may have appeared in

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu

Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu Comparative Analysis on Kikuyu within the SPE and Post-SPE Framework Term Paper for Foundations of Phonology Course Introduction This paper aims at observing the data set of Kikuyu language. Two frameworks are compared, i.e. the Sound Pattern of English (henceforth; SPE), and Post SPE (Autosegmental Phonology). Within the discussion, approaches form other theories will also be highlighted; however, the main point addressed in this paper is to evaluate the data set of Kikuyu on the basis of phonological theories within the two frameworks involved. Based on SPE theory, the lexical entries should consist of sufficient information for the phonological rules in order to identify its phonetic forms for each context. In other words, each lexical entry is entered as a set of phonological distinctive features. Furthermore, the underlying representation (UR) is considered as an abstract representation in comparison to a surface representation (SR). Along the paper, we will discuss both frameworks together with feature notations and then we will analyze the data set segmentally to obtain the rules governing the language of Kikuyu. In the next section, we will attempt to analyze the variability of the coordinated articulary apparatus with the spirit of the Post-SPE framework driven by a number of questions in the optimization of the data set analysis of with respect to the framework inquestion. During the analysis, we will not consider some basic requirements such as No Crossing Constraint and Linking Constraint in order to be consistent with the well-formedness condition of Post-SPE framework. Furthermore, we will also approach the so-called geometry of phonetic representations accompanied by sufficient examples to figure out any possible solution. One of the central issues addressed within this paper is the analysis on the shifting of nasal + consonant with respect to the given data set. We will try to compare two theories in question and observe how those theories could account for the changes in the data set. At a later stage, we will see which theory casts better analysis of the given data than the other does. Some literatures will be considered especially those from the textbook of Phonological Theory: The Essential Readings by Goldsmith, J. such as The Sound Pattern of English by Chomsky, N. and Halle, M., among others, as well as relevant sources which might give us more information about the language of Kikuyu. Now, let us go through the analysis from the first framework, i.e. the SPE framework. The SPE Framework The SPE framework is believed to be the basis of Generative Phonology since theories within this framework were influenced by the views from generative linguistics. Chomsky and Halle (in Goldsmith, 1999 : 17-19) states that a speakers knowledge of his language consists of knowing the lexical items of the language and each lexical entry must contain specified features, which determine the phonetic form of the item in all contexts, i.e. the items phonological features. Furthermore, such phonological features are classificatory devices, they are binary, as are all other classificatory features in the lexicon, for the natural way of indicating whether or not an item belongs to a particular category is by means of binary features. There will be two levels of representations that will be discussed in the SPE framework; underlying representation (i.e. lexical or morphophonemic sequence) and the surface form (i.e. phonetic output form). Given the authors aim at maximizing the simplicity of the grammar, it follows that underlying representations should be as abstract as possible and avoid redundant, or non-distinctive, features. Minimized underlying representations are indeed a requirement to ensure the generality of the overall linguistic system. Within this framework, we will analyze the data set on the language of Kikuyu in the spirit of morphological analysis, overview on any possible alternation within the dataset, as well as identifying the underlying representation (UR) from the given data set. Following this analysis, we will try to observe possible rules with feature notation of the given data in order to get a generalized rule ordering within the data set. For this analysis, we also refer to the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart, especially for the consonants chart and their features. Let us try to analyze the data set from the morphological analysis with the given data set below. The data set of Kikuyu is given below in table 1: Imperative---1 sg.Imperfect--English Meaning ßura------mbureet?--------'lop off' ßaara-----mbaareet?-------'look at' t?ma------nd?meet?--------'cut' toma------ndomeet?--------'send' reha------ndeheet?--------'pay' ru?a------ndu?eet?--------'cook' cina------ineet?--------'burn' koma------?gomeet?--------'sleep' kera------?gereet?--------'cross' ?ora------?goreet?--------'buy' ?aja------?gajeet?--------'divide' From table 1, we can see that there are two forms to observe, the one being Imperative and the other being the 1-sg-Imperfect from data set of Kikuyu language, which is followed by its meaning in English. The table shows that for each given word, several letters remain unchanged, which is typed in Bold inside the word. Most of them seem to have a Vowel and Consonant order (VC) and a long vowel one (i.e. VVC) such as in ßaara. Furthermore, we can also see in the Imperative column in which all words are always ended with a, marked after a slash sign (-). Subsequently, the words in the first singular Imperfect column are always ended with an eet?, which is also separated by a slash (-). A complete data set analysis is given in table 2 below. Table 2 Imperative-------------1 sg. Imperfect------------English Translation ßur - a--------------------mbur - eet?----------------------'lop off' ßaar- a--------------------mbaar- eet?----------------------'look at' t?m - a--------------------nd?m - eet?----------------------'cut' tom - a--------------------ndom - eet?----------------------'send' reh - a--------------------ndeh - eet?----------------------'pay' ru? - a--------------------ndu? - eet?----------------------'cook' cin - a--------------------in - eet?----------------------'burn' kom - a--------------------?gom - eet?----------------------'sleep' ker - a--------------------?ger - eet?----------------------'cross' ?or - a--------------------?gor - eet?----------------------'buy' ?aj - a--------------------?gaj - eet?----------------------'divide' From table 2, we can see that the unchanged letters, which are Bold typed above, are the stems or could be part of the stems of the word in underlying representation. Furthermore, we can also see suffixes, which indicate the Imperativeness or the given words that are signaled as the final letter a at the final position of the word. From the regularity of the final letters eet?, we can say that the given words must be classified as suffixes indicating the 1 sg. Imperfect form of Kikuyu language. We will discuss the underlying forms of the morphemes regularity in a separate discussion in a later part. Now let us see the structure of the nasal sound which occurs before the stems. It is conceivable that an alternation is defined as a morpheme, which has two different sound shapes, which can be analyzed by a phonological process. From the data set of Kikuyu, the some alternations can be observed as indicated in the following table (see table 3). The alternations can be identified easily in that ß becomes b; t /r becomes d; c becomes ?; k / ? becomes g. Those alternations can be viewed as the alternations in the language of Kikuyu whose phonological process will be explored in rules. Table 3 Imperative------------1 sg. Imperfect In a.b.ß-------------------------mb In c.d.t-------------------------nd In e.f.r-------------------------nd In g.c--------------------------- In h. i. k-----------------------?g In j. k. ?-----------------------?g Furthermore, we can also see that a nasal consonant is inserted before the changed consonant, e.g. m; n; ? and ?, which suggests that the morphological process goes along with the phonological process. Such insertion shows us important points for the data set in the language of Kikuyu. We will discuss such phenomenon in greater concern in later part. However, there is one thing to say about this phenomenon in the insertion of nasal consonant in the 1 sg. Imperfect groups could be analyzed as certain prefixes embedded which might express the tense of a verb. Whenever the alternation is constructed in an opposite way, i.e. b becomes ß in data set, this lead to an ill formed construction. Such a case is also falsifiable from data h. and j. in which ?g would become k and ? respectively following the case. Therefore, we will consider the sequence of alternation as from Imperative to 1 sg. Imperfect. The reanalysis of the stems of both forms is illustrated in table 4 below. Both prefixe s (nasals) and suffixes ( a and eet?) are discarded in table 4 so that we can get the stem of each verb. Table 4. Imperative--------------1 sg. Imperfect--------------English Meaning ßur---------------------bur-------------------------------'lop off' ßaar--------------------baar------------------------------'look at' t?m---------------------d?m-------------------------------'cut' tom---------------------dom-------------------------------'send' reh---------------------deh-------------------------------'pay' ruc---------------------du?-------------------------------'cook' cin---------------------?in-------------------------------'burn' kom---------------------gom-------------------------------'sleep' ker---------------------ger-------------------------------'cross' ?or---------------------gor-------------------------------'buy' ?aj---------------------gaj-------------------------------'divide' What we have observed so far indicates that phonological components are obtained by mapping from the underlying representation (UR) to the surface (phonetic) representation (SR). This mapping phenomenon can be observed by rewrite rules which will be discussed in a separate part. In other words, the data set of Kikuyu we have so far could be considered as the Surface Representation. In the following paragraphs, we attempt to identify the underlying representation of the Kikuyu language. As noted above, we have seen that the unchanged letters in table 2 could be analyzed as the stems or part of the stems of the words in the underlying representation. On the basis of minimization of the underlying representation we will attempt to rule in the consonant before the unchanged letters because it seems to be implausible to predict the consonants such as ß, t, r, c, k, ? by rule. Furthermore, we have also observed that the consonant ß can shift to b not the vice versa. Referring to the SPE theory, minimizing the underlying representation means that anything, which can be predicted by a rule, should be eliminated from the underlying representation. For instance, the shifting from ß to b can be viewed in table 4 which is exemplified by the shifting is from ßur to bur. Such process also applies to all other words in the data set. By definition, we could get something like /ßur/ to be the actual stem for underlying representation of the word, which means lop off in Kikuyu. The stems in underlying representation in the data set are presented in table 5 below and the Underlying Representations for the Imperative and 1 sg. Imperfect are represented in table 6. Table 5 UR Stem English Meaning /ßur/ 'lop off' /ßaar/ 'look at' /t?m/ 'cut' /tom/ 'send' /reh/ 'pay' /ru?/ 'cook' /cin/ 'burn' /kom/ 'sleep' /ker/ 'cross' /?or/ 'buy' /?aj/ 'divide' Table 6 Imperative UR 1 sg. Imperfect UR English Meaning /ßur - a/ /Nas - bur -eet 'lop off' /ßaar - a/ /Nas - baar-eet 'look at' /t?m - a/ /Nas - d?m -eet 'cut' /tom - a/ /Nas - dom -eet 'send' /reh - a/ /Nas - deh -eet 'pay' /ru? - a/ /Nas - du? -eet 'cook' /cin - a/ /Nas - ?in -eet 'burn' /kom - a/ /Nas - gom -eet 'sleep' /ker - a/ /Nas - ger -eet 'cross' /?or - a/ /Nas - gor -eet 'buy' /?aj - a/ /Nas - gaj -eet 'divide' In the framework of SPE, we have been familiar with the terms such as abbreviatory conventions, conciseness, Minimize UR, Rule format and Evaluation measures, etc. They will be considered here under IPA consonant chart and feature table where relevant information is given in table 7 below: Table 7 (Imp = Imperative) (1sg = 1 sg. Imperfect) Group A (data a. b.) ß - bilabial fricative (Imp) b - bilabial plosive (1sg) m - bilabial nasal (1sg) Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - alveolar plosive (Imp) r - alveolar fricative (Imp) d - alveolar plosive (1sg) n - alveolar nasal (1sg) Group C (data g.) c - palatal plosive (Imp) ? - palatal plosive (1sg) ? - palatal nasal (1sg) Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - velar plosive (Imp) ? - velar fricative (Imp) g - velar plosive (1sg) ? - velar nasal (1sg) From the distribution in table 7, we can draw some important information in the surface level. In Imperative classification (Imp), we can observe that the fricatives are plosives whereas in (1sg) group, we only observe the plosives ones. This observation is helpful for arriving at the deduction that under certain environment, fricatives/plosives are interpreted as (à  ) plosives. Furthermore, within each group, we can identify that the same place of articulation is shared, i.e., bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar. This observation will contribute to identify the relation between the changed consonants and the added nasal sound types. In the mean time, within each 1sg group, we can also observe that the nasal sound always precedes the plosive sound. This observation is useful for understanding whether the prefix [Nasal] functions are in a linear order. By applying the minimized major feature for these consonants, we can generate some crucial feature notations as noted below. 1. Fricatives [-son, +cont] 2. Plosives [-son, -cont] 3. Nasals [+son, -cont] Therefore, now we can observe the assimilation of the feature [cont] in the course of transferring from fricatives to plosives and probably the dissimilation of the feature [son] between nasals and plosives. In order to satisfy the conditions of Minimize UR and the Evaluation measure, we could observe each sound in detail and add the feature [voice] where we can see that all plosives and nasals are [+voiced] as illustrated in table 8 below. Table 8 Features - consonant Features-place of articulation Group A (data a. b.) ß - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [-cor] b - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] m - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [-cor] Group B (data c. d. e. f.) t - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] r - [+son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [+ant] [+cor] d - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] n - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [+ant] [+cor] Group C (data g.) c - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [+cor] Group D (data h. i. j. k.) k - [-son] [-cont] [-voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [-son] [+cont] [+voiced] (Imp) [-ant] [-cor] g - [-son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] ? - [+son] [-cont] [+voiced] (1sg) [-ant] [-cor] From the features distribution above, we can observe several important generalizations. First, as we can see in the left column, consonants could adjust themselves to the nasal during the shifting to plosive by preserving [-cont] and [+voiced]. Then, the consonant r in Group B is the only consonant in Imp which has feature [+son], therefore, we have to shift it to become [-son] as well in the course of shifting to plosive. However, this is definitely not a kind of adjustment to the nasal since it is conceivable that all nasals are found to be [+son]. Second, in the right column, we can observe that the insertions of prefixing nasals adjust themselves to the consonants and become bilabial / alveolar / palatal / velar nasal respectively in place of articulation. Furthermore, we attempt to figure out the adjustments above as assimilation, as well as the dis-adjustment of r as dissimilation. In sum, we can obtain two important rules in the language in question. Rule A: [-cont] [+cons] à   [+voice]/[+nas] ______ [-son] Such rule entails the adjustment of the consonants to the nasals. Under this rule, ß becomes b; t and r becomes d; c becomes ?; k and ? becomes g due to the prefixing nasal. Then, all fricatives become plosives as given the following rule. Rule B: [+nas] à   [aPlace]/______[aPlace] In rule B, the same place of articulation is construed by the notation [aPlace] represents here. This rule signals the adjustment of the nasals to the consonants. By using this rule, nasal will become m whenever aPlace is bilabial; n whenever aPlace is alveolar; ? whenever aPlace is palatal and ? whenever aPlace is velar. The origin nasal in prefixing cannot be observed from the given data set. For instance, if it is [+nas, +cor] then it should be a consonant n. Along the previous part, we have observed some ordering rules in the language of Kikuyu. Further in this part, we will try to figure out the ordering of the two rules we have mentioned in advance. Based on the SPE framework, we have seen that all morphological rules apply before all phonological rules. Although Kiparsky and many others believe the other way against this framework, we try to see whether this rule is indeed workable within the spirit of SPE framework. Here, the morphological rules are viewed as infix insertion, i.e. prefix /Nas/; suffix /-a/ and /eet?/ in the given data set which will apply in the first place and the phonological rules given in Rule A and Rule B above will apply in the second place. Now the question turns to which phonological rule applies in first order, being Rule A or Rule B. Suppose we take examples in data d and e from the given data set. First, let us look at data d. it seems that we will not find any difference in data d with respect to the ordering of two rules and hence the result looks like the same. Then, try to compare with data e. Let see what happens. Table 9 Data d = from [toma] to [ndomeet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /tom/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /dom/ + /eet?/ =SR Data e. from [reha] to [ndeheet?] If Rule A precedes Rule B Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule A /Nas/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ Rule B /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR If Rule B precedes Rule A Morphological Rule /Nas/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ =UR Rule B /n/ + /reh/ + /eet?/ Rule A /n/ + /deh/ + /eet?/ =SR As we can see above, the comparison between data d and e indicates the same thing for ordering of two rules as well. This suggests that the ordering of rules do not have something to do with the result. It further suggests that the nasals and the derived consonants could have a relatively strong connection with each other, i.e. one co-exists with the other. Within the SPE framework, the data set has been analyzed in the form of features of lexical individual segments. We tried to apply the rules we have and they seems to work well. This gives further indication that the SPE framework can be considered as effective tool in explaining the phenomenon in data set of Kikuyu language. However, it seems that the relationship between the two rules is not transparent. The reason for this might be the difficulty in generating the only one rule instead of two explaining such phenomenon in the SPE framework. The Post-SPE Framework Autosegmental phonology was introduced by John Goldsmith (1976) and re presented a great step forward in linguistic research. In the classical generative theory developed by Chomsky and Halle, phonological components were linear sequences of segments which themselves consisted of feature bundles. One of the downfalls of the SPE framework resided in the assumption that every segment had to correspond to exactly one feature specification and vice-versa (every feature specification had to correspond to exactly one segment). Consequently, many phonological phenomena (related to stress, lengthening, rhythm and intonation for instance) were left unexplained. SPE simply had no way of providing a proper account of prosodic phenomena. As stated by Goldsmith himself ((1999: p.137), Autosegmental phonology constitutes a particular claim about the geometry of phonetic and phonological representations. it suggests that the phonetic representation is composed of a set of several simultaneous sequences of these segments, with certain elementary constraints on how the various levels of sequences can be interrelated or associated. The main innovation brought about by Post-SPE framework is the fact that supra segmental features, such as stress or tone, are no longer confined to exactly one segment but can be shared by two or more segments and vice-versa. Some features, while remaining associated with a segment, are now handled separately. Many phonological phenomena can then be analyzed in terms of a restructuring or reorganization of the autosegments in a representation. Different from the first section, here we will analyze the data set of Kikuyu within the Post-SPE framework, or also known as the Autosegmental Phonology but within this paper we rather use the term Post SPE just for the sake of easiness in comparison. In this section, we will also consider the use of the IPA chart and feature notations for the discussion in the Post-SPE framework. Also in this part we might still view some rules from SPE framework and will be reviewed in the spirit of Post-SPE framework. Phenomenon such as assimilation and dissimilation will be approached to address the problems we found in the data set of Kikuyu Language. Of course, other theories within the Post-SPE will also be introduced. Let us start our discussion with the identification of features and spreading in this framework. In this framework, features will be viewed as independent features of their segments in order for them to be represented as auto-segments. We can observe in the data set of Kikuyu language that a phonological process can influence more than one consonant at a time. This might lead us to review the data we had in table 3 where ß mb; t nd; r nd; c ; k ?g; ? ?g, with the given two rules. We have mentioned earlier about assimilation in SPE, i.e. an alternation which copies a feature specification from the closest segment. Take Group A and Rule B as an example: [+nas]à   [bila Place] / ______ [bila Place] Nà   m / ______ ß / b In the Post-SPE framework, assimilation is identified as the spreading of features to the neighbouring X-slots. This means that an X-slot is associated with the two X-slots, resulting assimilation as illustrated below: NX NX mX |à  Ã‚ ¥|à  Ã‚ ¥| [+ant][+ant] [+ant] [-cor] [-cor] [-cor] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are excluded. Here, X represents the changed consonant in Kikuyu. The nasal is considered another X slot, which is marked as N. After spreading, we see that the two X-slots share the feature of [+ant] and [-cor]. The feature from the neighboring X-slot could be deleted after the course of spreading. The replacement of Rule A in the Post SPE framework is a bit more complicated than Rule B since deletion is involved. As for instance, consider Group A we have noted above, within the SPE framework, we will get the shifting below. [+cons]à   [-cont] [+voice] [-son] / [+nas]______ ßà   b / N______ Then, let us apply this within the Post SPE framework to analyze this phenomenon where we have two X-slots represent Nasal and Consonant respectively during the course of alternation. An example of shifting from Nß to Nb is given below. X X X X | | à   | / [+son] [-son] [+son] [-son] [-cont] [+cont] [-cont] [-cont] [+voiced]   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  [+voiced]  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [+voiced] For the sake of easiness, some tiers are reduced. We can see in the shifting process that [-son, +voiced] features are preserved during the shifting and [+cont] feature becomes [-cont]. In the SPE framework, it is conceivable that morphological rules apply before phonological rules, so we have a Nasal slot before Consonant slot in 1 sg. Imperfect i

Filial Ingratitude in Shakespeares King Lear Essay -- King Lear essay

Filial Ingratitude in Shakespeare's King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shakespeare's King Lear, the main plot, which is focused around the error of King Lear, is mirrored by the subplot, which is based on the Earl of Gloucester's mistake. The main plot parallels the subplot in order to reiterate one of the main themes of the play, filial ingratitude.   At first, both Gloucester & Lear are unaware that their disloyal offspring are taking advantage of them, and they have wrongfully accused their virtuous heirs.   When they discover their mistakes however, it is too late to correct them.  Ã‚      In Act I, Scene I, Goneril claims, "Sir, I love you more than words can wield the matter...a love that makes breath poor, and speech unable; beyond all manner of so much I love you" lines 54-60.   Regan, her evil counterpart also declares, " [I] alone felicitate in your dear highness' love" lines 73-74.   Cordelia, his honest daughter cannot grant him such unfounded flattery and relies, "I love your majesty according to my bond; nor more nor less" lines 89-90.   Lear enraged at her answer, b...